![]() For each symptom with > 10 studies, a funnel plot for prevalence estimates after logit transformation was created to graphically identify publication bias, followed by an Egger’s test of asymmetry. The heterogeneity of prevalence estimates across studies was assessed by the I 2 statistic and Q test in each analysis. The meta-analyses were conducted only for symptoms assessed by three or more studies. ![]() The study-specific confidence intervals were estimated using the Wilson’s score method. Random-effects meta-analyses with inverse-variance method were conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence and its confidence interval (CI) of specific post-COVID symptoms in COVID-19 survivors. ![]() We estimated the pooled prevalence and also summarised potential risk factors of post-COVID symptoms lasting for one year after infection. We sought to systematically synthesise existing evidence on long-term post-COVID symptoms. With the emerging data of longer-term follow-up of COVID-19 patients, it is important to investigate the natural history of COVID-19 symptomatology and whether the spectrum of long-lasting symptoms is different from that of the short- or medium-term manifestations previously described. However, no previous systematic review and meta-analysis has focused on longer-term persistent symptoms of COVID-19, and it remains unclear to what extent these broad classes of symptoms still persist after one year post infection. Another meta-analysis of 15 papers reported over 50 persistent symptoms of COVID-19 experienced by COVID-19 survivors between 14–110 days post infection. A meta-analysis of 39 studies with up to seven months follow-up showed that the most frequently reported symptoms included weakness, fatigue, concentration impairment, and breathlessness. A meta-analysis of 33 papers investigating hospitalised and non-hospitalised COVID-19 survivors demonstrated that 63.2%, 71.9%, and 45.9% of patients experienced at least one persistent symptom at 30, 60, and ≥ 90 days after hospitalisation or onset, of which fatigue, dyspnoea, cough, anosmia, ageusia, and joint pain were the most prevalent symptoms. Several previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses on long-COVID estimated the prevalence of short- and medium-term persistent symptoms after COVID-19 infection, involving respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, integumentary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and neurological systems. Ī growing body of evidence has shown that COVID-19 survivors may experience persistent symptoms affecting different organ systems after the acute phase of infection (also known as long-COVID ). A feature of COVID-19 that differs from other respiratory infections could be its multi-system symptomatology, complications, and long-term sequelae. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, there have been over 300 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still rapidly spreading around the world, fuelled by the emergence of new variants. There is an urgent need for elucidating the pathophysiologic mechanisms and developing and testing targeted interventions for long-COVID patients. This study demonstrated that a sizeable proportion of COVID-19 survivors still experience residual symptoms involving various body systems one year later. Existing evidence suggested that female patients and those with more severe initial illness were more likely to suffer from the sequelae after one year. Eighteen papers that reported one-year follow-up data from 8591 COVID-19 survivors were included. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled prevalence of specific post-COVID symptoms. ![]() We searched PubMed and Embase for papers reporting at least one-year follow-up results of COVID-19 survivors published by 6 November 2021. This study aimed to systematically synthesise evidence on post-COVID symptoms persisting for at least 12 months. However, it remains unclear whether these symptoms persist over the longer term. Emerging evidence has shown that COVID-19 survivors could suffer from persistent symptoms. ![]()
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